The Max Planck Institute for Chemical Equality and the University of Kiel, German researchers, report in regards to the influence of jeans endopheotic fungus on the defense of black poplar against herbs. The fungus, which lives contained in the leaves, not only increases the production of defensive substances within the trees, but in addition produces an alkaloid itself that protects the trees from reaching food. The investigative team has also shown in field studies that the presence of fungus affects the formation of insect communities in young black poplar. For example, on the trees can remove the defensive substances of the Fungus of their hunny and subsequently will be less visited by ants.
Endofitis: a plant friend or enemy of a plant
Endofitis are microorganisms that live inside plants. Some of those organisms, mostly bacteria or cookies, make plants unwell, while others don't have any harmful effects and even helpful. Previous studies by the endophotek cookie living inside some grass have shown that they protect the grass against the hunters. However, little or no is understood whether it's true for trees or not. In the present study, the defense of the herbs of the black poplar has also had an impact on the influence of jeans and the influence of the jeans, in addition to the insect communities living on the Chinar.
“We investigated the influence of endophite on the chemical defense of the black poplar, and the results of the formation of insecticide on the young trees in this field, as well as the consequences of the formation of insects on the young trees. Herbs are interested in her herbs, one of which is interested in herbs, which is interested in herbs, “Massively,” the primary creator Kirsten Walthar said while explaining the beginning of the study.
Researchers found that colonies with fungal endorates have promoted those affected by the natural defense of Chinar and the damage to insects. In laboratory experiments, nomads prefer larvae larvae, a general, non -infected addresses on various trees and perform well there. Kirsten Walthar says, “We have been able to show that it helps to defend itself against the hunters. To do so, the fungus changes the chemical defense profile of the plant and also supports it with its own defensive substances.”
Using the newest chemical evaluation method, often known as metabolomics, which analyzes the metabolic products within the leaves, scientists succeeded in showing that infection with fungus changes the favored metabolum, namely the substance produced within the poplar. In the presence of fungus, specific defensive substances resembling selecannoids (sealancin, Negrasin) and phenolic acids were developed at high levels. In combination with Tennons, silicinoids are crucial natural defense substance developed by Chinar to guard themselves. Seekernoids are especially effective against odd pests that will not be only specialized within the poplar, but in addition the opposite plants insects. In addition to stopping insects, in addition they have a negative effect on the fitness of insects that chemically eaten on the defensive leaves.
Defends Pinar together with his defensive substance
The evaluation has revealed that the fungus itself produces an efficient defense compound, alkaloid stadiums. Tests with the stacker have shown that the lively substance of the endophite suffered from each generalists, resembling brushes worms and poplar experts, resembling a poplar leaf beetle.
“It was especially interesting for us to see that fungus can produce an alkaloid that we can detect in the matrix of the plants and thus use it as a marker for the presence of fungus. We have found this substance even in the old tree addresses in this field, because the plan of” planning “in the planning of the plan,” plans “. “Saying for.” 2023.
Combination of chemical evaluation, behavior experiences and field studies
Scientists took a comprehensive approach to their research. In addition to the chemical evaluation of the laboratory plants, with and without the eating experiences of Endophic fungus and its affiliate feeding, they investigated how the black pickle affects the chemical environment.
Another interesting results of this study is a statement that researchers created on this field. Endophotic fungus also changes the interaction between opids and ants that make young black pickles colonial. The ant-paved relationship is a mutually, a logo that advantages ants, drinking hunny, and Afdis, which is protected against ants by ants. Plants that were previously infected with endofite were often colonial through utterances, but less incessantly by ants. This might be on account of the concentration of stadiums of their hunio. Kirsten Walthar says, “The fungus also appears to be successful in connecting the bilateral relations between ants and opades. Further research is needed to clarify what is happening.”
The trees are metabates
Studying the microsum of the trees, it will be significant to totally understand the complexity of the mutual evolution of trees and other organisms, with which they impart. Current study is the start of an enormous field of research that raises many other interesting questions. For example, further studies will consider how fungus spreads through plants and whether it protects the plants not only from insect damage, but in addition from pathogens. Another interesting query is whether or not black poplar and symbolic, and whether the fungus takes advantage of living with the tree, or whether there are conditions under which it turns a partner at risk to the tree.
“There is a growing body of evidence in favor of understanding the trees as holognets, resembling groups of various organisms. A tree is rarely a person, but a fancy methagus that's colonial in all its organs through microorganisms and arthropids is interesting to us. There is an end of the enterprise.